Maltrata, Maltrata, m, Castillo MEXU. Soledad Atzompa, Col. Zacatecas, Guadalupe, cerro La Virgen cerro de las Antenas al sur de la ciudad, m, 5. Dahlia rupicola PD. Sorensen, Rhodora IB, 2E. Subarbusto, 0. En ambas localidades, las plantas crecen en grandes acantilados sobre suelos rocosos. Castro etal. Castro et al.
Sin embargo, la ausencia de una lista de ejemplares analizados o la imposibilidad de acceso libre a los datos de respaldo no nos ha permitido comprobar sus resultados. Las especies registradas en este informe, D. Literatura citada Bachman, S. Moat, A. Hill, J. ZooKeys Tesis de licenciatura.
Castro-Castro A. Vargas-Amado y M. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad Zuno-Delgadillo, M. Carrasco-Ortiz, M. Harlcer y A. Botanical Sciences 93 1 : ArcView 3. Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc.
Redlans, USA. Harker, M. Las compuestas familia Asteraceae o Compositae. In: Cruz, A. Ordorica, J. Valero y E. Melgarejo coords. La biodiversidad en Jalisco. Estudio de Estado. Volumen II. McVaugh, R. In: Anderson, W. Flora Novo-Galiciana. The University of Michigan Press. Ann Arbor, USA. Moreno, N. Morrone, J. Escalante y G. Mexican biogeographic provinces: Map and shapefiles.
Zootaxa 2 : Contributions from the University of Michigan Herbarium9: Rzedowski J. Rhodora , Sorensen, P. New taxa in the genus Dahlia Asteraceae, Heliantheae-Coreopsidinae.
Rhodora Thiers, B. Index Herbariorum: a global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. Revista de la Sociedad Mexicana de Historia Natural San Rafael Atlixco , Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa, Cd. Reviewed: January 10, Accepted: April 6, Published: October 3, To cite as: Meave del Castillo, M.
These 90 blooms were composed of 40 taxa: 21 diatoms and 19 dinoflagel- lates, the former mostly innocuous. Sixty-seven blooms had species reported as noxious, of which 11 species commonly produce toxic HAB. Toxic taxa are Pseudo-nitzschia spp. Conclusions: Abundance analyses of Pyrodinium bahamense var. Both taxa, producers of saxitoxins, cause paralytic shellfish poisoning PSP and coexist in Acapulco; therefore, they present a risk to human health.
Another noxious 52 taxa found in Acapulco were currently considered poten- tial HABs, because they have been recorded at low densities. Generally, such blooms are harmful for several reasons, due to the presence of Chemical toxin produc- tion, see Table 1, reactive oxygen species, and anoxia , physical decreased transparency, obstruction, or lacera- tions of fish gills Smayda, , or biological agents allelopathy, reduction of grazing pressure, and competi- tion Kudela and Glober, ; Tang and Glober, Additionally, other microalgae that produce blooms are harmful to fish because they have thick and sharp stmctures spines, setae, homs that dam- age or block gills or cause an irritation that produces thick mucus that suffocates fish Corrales and Maclean, In addition, because toxins do not affect the same type of organisms, classification of the harmfulness of a bloom also depends on the presence of a sensitive organism or a vector that passes the toxins to humans.
Formally, blooms are considered HABs only when they have a negative effect on the enviromnent or when they pose a risk to human health Hallegraeff, However, cell density alone can ofien be a good estimator for detecting HABs.
Stein and the pro- duction of its toxins; while Savela et al. In this locality high densities of phytoplankton algae have been recorded in the water column at certain times.
Since most of the toxic algae that form HABs affect humans, it is important to record the species and seasons in which they produce HABs in Acapulco, in or- der to understand the risk that they pose to marine fauna or public health. The objective of this study was to document the species which formed blooms in Acapulco between when the authors began their studies in that location and , based on cell density and high relative abundance.
However, a bloom for these species is considered when their abundances exceed xlo 3 cells L' 1 Steidinger pers. Cylindrotheca closterium Ehrenb. Margal efidinium polykrikoides Margalef F.
Levanderinafissa Lavander O. Moestrup, Hakanen, G. Stein J. Dodge Noctiluca scintillans Macartney Kof. Scrippsiella acuminata Ehrenb. Kretschmann, Elbr. Stein A. Zhu et al. Causative of anoxia that produced mass mortality of fish and invertebrates 63 Table 1: Continuation.
Edwards, Tripos furca Ehrenb. Based on recorded data of temperature, water salinity, and precipi- tation, three different seasons occur in this portion of the Mexican Pacific: a rainy season June to October , a dry- cold season November to March and a dry-warm season April to May Zamudio-Resendiz et al. Characteristics of the phytoplankton commu- nity of Acapulco This small bay has a megadiverse phytoplankton flora Meave-del Castillo et al.
To date, taxa have been recorded, including species, varieties, and fonns Meave-del Castillo et al. This rich and diverse flora can be explained by the oligo-mesotrophic-trophic State prevailing in the bay Varona-Cordero et al. Giventhe geomorphologi- cal characteristics of Acapulco, during the rainy season it receives runoffs enriched with solid and dissolved organic matter Additionally, Meave-del Castillo et al.
Sometimes, algal communities of Acapulco are ex- posed to high concentrations of nutrients; in the rainy sea- son phosphates rise considerably Meave-del Castillo et al.
Black points correspond to collection sites from to , red points to collection sites from to Collection, identification, and evaluation of al- gal density A total of samples were obtained in 35 collections at several locations from May to November Fig.
In , an intensive sampling was carried out, involving monthly collections with net and bottle in eight locations, four inside the bay and another four in the surrounding Coastal area indicated in red in figure 1. We measured concentrations of phosphate, silicate, ammoni- um, nitrites, and nitrates. The teclmiques for evaluating the nutrients are described in Meave-del Castillo et al. For the Identification of the laxa, the samples were observed with an optical microscope Leica DMLB, Wet- zlar, Germany , with bright field, phase contrast, epifluo- rescence, and integrated digital camera.
For this purpose, samples were first fixed in the field with 2. For sensitive organisms this method was followed to critical point dry- ing Boltovskoy, To complement this information, we undertook a search in the literature for reports of mi- croalgae blooms in Acapulco during the study period.
In the case of Gymnodinium catenatum Graham and Pyrodinium bahamense var. The lacle of Gymnodinium catenatum and Pyrodini- um bahamense var. For Pyrodinium bahamense var.
Results According to the criteria used, we recorded 53 blooms and 37 microalgal outbreaks registered by other authors in the same period were added to the list, resulting in a total of 90 microalgal blooms in Acapulco during our study period Henee, we registered Most 18 of the diatom blooms Table 3.
Hansen and Pyrodinium bahamense var. Season S : dry-cold DC , rainy season R. Chaetoceros curvisetus Cleve Fig. Climacodium frauenfeldicmum Grunow Fig. Guinardia delicatula Cleve Hasle Fig. Hemiaulus hauckii Grunow ex Van Heurck Fig. Leptocylindrus danicus Cleve Fig. Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima Cleve Heiden Fig. Peragallo Fig.
P subfraudulenta Hasle Hasle Fig. Skeletonemapseudocostatum Medlin Fig. Dinophysis caudata Kent Fig. Gymnodinium catenatum Graham Fig. WAH Karenia sp. Kareniaceae cf. Moestrup, H 2. Lingulodinium polyedra F. T-H - 82 P. Noctiluca scintillans Macartney Kof. Prorocentrum gracile F.
Han, S. Protoperidinium crassipes Kof. Protoperidinium divergens Ehrenb. Pyrodinium bahamense var. R Taylor Fig. Wang, Scrippsiella acuminata Ehrenb. We found that Gymnodinium catenatum was the dinoflagellate that reached the highest density 2. Thirty-five blooms were caused by diatoms Table 3 and 55 by dinoflagellates Table 4.
Considering the damage caused by the taxa that created the blooms, 21 17 formed by diatoms and 4 by dinoflagellates were classi- fied as WAH without apparent harm , because no dele- terious effect on aquatic organisms or humans has ever been mentioned. Another 20 8 formed by diatoms and 12 by dinoflagellates were harmful blooms H and 47 10 formed by diatoms and 37 by dinoflagellates were classified as toxic outbreaks T Tables 3, 4.
As a conse- quence, the highest percentage Two dinoflagellate blooms could not be classified because the species were not properly identified Table 4. WAH Blooms Thirteen taxa Karenia longicanalis, Prorocentrum gracile, and Protoperidinium divergens Ehrenb. Even these species can be beneficial for increasing primary pro- ductivity of the system. Percentage of diatom blooms; B. Climacodium frauenfeldianim Grunow LM ; J. Leptocylindrus danicus Cleve LM ; M.
P seriata Cleve H. Peragallo LM ; R. P subfraudulenta Hasle Hasle LM. Thalassionema nitzschioides Grunow Mereschk. SEM , Light microscopy. Margalefidinium polykrikoides Margalef F. Gymnodinium catenatum Graham LM ; E. Elansen LM ; F. Dodge SEM ; G. Wang SEM ; I. Balech LM ; J. P divergens Ehrenb.
Balech SEM ; K. Taylor LM ; L. Tripos balechii f. Harmful Blooms Fourteen Toxic Blooms Eleven species The four toxic diatoms belong to the genus Psen- do-nitzschia and are domoic acid DA producers. Only P. Dodge, Margal efidinium polykrikoides , Protoperidinium crassipes Kof. Balech, and Pyrodinium bahamense var. These blooms were not monospecific, since D. We found this species frequently in Acapulco, with low densities cells LA Meave-del Castillo et al. Another ten HAB of G. A week later July 17 th , it liad already decreased its density Bruja, at 5 m.
However, no dis- coloration of the sea was observed during these events. During August, the density inside the bay was very low but began recovering in September until reach- ing 7 x 10 3 cells L 1 Center, 10 m. Some algae blooms in Acapulco were multispecies; for example, in November the event recorded in La Bocana included Gymnodinium catenatum and Dino- physis caudata , the latter reached high densities Also on the same date, blooms of different species were found in different locations.
We also observed that in some cases before a HAB, several species were co-dominating and later one of them produced a monospecific HAB. For example, on March 1, , Gymnodinium catenatum 3. Taylor, reported in locations of the eastern tropical Pacific. Levvin Another 52 phytoplankton taxa Table 7 were recorded in Acapulco, which have caused HABs in oth- er regions, but until now they have only been found in low densities at this location, and were thus considered as potential HAB-forming taxa.
Most of these dmoflagel- lates The oth- er groups Haptophyta, Raphidophyta, and Cyanophyta belong to only 9. Physical-chemical parameters were obtained from data in the monthly collections made in Meave del Castillo, and the sporadic data measured during the samplings caiTied out during the entire study penod Water temperature had a range of Salinity ranged from Dissolved oxygen varied from 0.
Frequency data Frec. References: 1 Eilertsen and Raa ; 2 Shamsudin et al. Bacillariophyta 1. Chaetoceros convolutus Castracane 3. Coscinodiscus centralis Ehrenb. Smith 7. Cylindrotheca closterium 9.
Ditylum brightwellii T. West Grunow Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata H. Takano H. Takano Pseudosolenia calcar-avis A. Rhizosolenia setigera Brightw. Thalassiosira mala Takano Fryxell Gran Dinophyta Balech Lebour Balech Dinophysis acuminata Clap. Schiller Stein Gonyaulaxpolygramma F. Diesing Chang G. Oda G. T PbTx 14,17 1. T Gymnodimina 11,17 Peridinium quadridentatum F.
Stein G. Phalacroma dolychopterigium G. Prorocentrum cordatum Ostenf. Dodge T Unknown 6,18 9. P rhathymum A. Schmidt T Unknown 6,18 4. Schiller H - 4 3. Protoceratium reticulatum Clap.
Buetschli T YTx 6,15 6. Balech T AZP 4 4. Takayama cladochroma J. T Unknown 17,19 0. Tripos fusus Ehrenb. Chattonella antiqua Y. Hada C. Phaeocystis pouchetii Har.
Trichodesmium eiythraeum Ehrenb. The dates of the blooms on the graph of tempera- ture anomalies show that the majority of blooms Figure 6: A. Taylor in the tropical eastern Pacific, on the graphic of temperature anomalies of the Pacific.
The MEI ineludes six climatic variables. Positive anomalies indicate that the temperature observed was warmer than the historical average, negative anomalies indicate that the observed temperature was colder than the historical average. Graphic of abundances of Gymnodinium catenatum and Pyrodinium bahamense var.
A literature review showed at least 30 additional blooms reported by other authors who work at local institutions and can make collections in the bay at any time Rojas-Herrera et al.
This means that with the 35 collections that we made during the study period, we were able to record Most blooms recorded by other authors included species that, on a different occasion, we also found as blooms or as species that we recorded but at low densities, such as Karenia spp.
Gymnodinium catenatum in April x 10 3 cells L 1 , May 2. Most diatom blooms occurred during the rainy season Chaetoceros curvisetus, Climacodium frauen- feldianum , Leptocylindrus danicus, Skeletonema pseudo- costatum and Thalassionema pseudonitzchioides or the dry-cold season Guinardia delicatula , Leptocylindrus minimus and Pseudo-nitzschia spp. Well, what could it be — surely not the psychological pressure. It's the lack of character, to say enough already, the temptation to have the cigar there.
Well yes, I do not see any other reason. Family ties and interactions with family members can produce both motivating elements and barriers to quit smoking for both genders.
Quitting smoking can be more challenging when a person has family members who share in the activity of consuming tobacco with them. This is thought to be secondary to implied permissiveness and reinforced socializations. However, family can also represent factors that motivate the smoker to quit smoking. This then became a motivation to quit smoking and improve overall health.
In other cases, quitting was seen as a means to maintain a romantic and smoke-free relationship. My dad always smoked, and I think it did influence me. A type of social prototype that I watched smoking, something like that ….
So, I would not want for my children, and not because my mother gives me trouble as it is part of the activities one does, but I would like to give my children that type of trouble, if I get cancer, something like that …. Although participants considered themselves respectful of workplace smoking restriction, this did not serve as an impediment to smoking during work hours, including in areas where it was prohibited.
We identified gender-related differences in these behaviors. Two of the women interviewed reported experiencing anxiety as a product of their responsibilities. These were, however, not only related to work but to the care of their children. This can be likened to having a double shift, which is attributed to females who are caregivers and workers. Another woman interviewed reports that she did not smoke during a vacation period because she was at home free of work pressures.
A retired woman explained that she had been used to working outside the home and that she does not like the activities associated with staying home. She states that lifestyle changes due to her retirement have been difficult, which is causing her states of anxiety and loneliness and increasing her tobacco use.
She endorses that these emotions are linked with the maintenance and increase in tobacco consumption. Multiple workloads are repeatedly reported in women's interviews, this aspect does not appear in men's narratives:.
Young women report consuming more tobacco due to responsibilities related to being a student and fulfilling a job simultaneously. Conversely, young men refer to using tobacco as part of socialization with their peers:. I went to my classroom and then I came home at night and had to do homework, so I started smoking a lot; before, occasionally a cigarette, then when I entered the classroom of two or three cigarettes.
Well, yes, I smoked more frequently when I was in college or at parties too …. Despite being retired, some older men continue to work outside the home thus remaining in their role as providers:. Because when I am busy, pressured to hand over some work, I forget about the cigarette. Participants who talked about advertising and tobacco, remember few women smoking in ads or that it exacerbated masculine attributes. Among the most memorable messages for both men and women was part of a marketing campaign of one of Mexico's best-selling brands — an allusion to the figure of a cowboy.
Or the very elegant guys with their cars smoking, no? Like it gave them a special presence, no? But men, they have never done publicity with women smoking, however, because of freedom we did it. In that time there were already women that smoked, generally very elegant women with their cigarette.
Maybe that gets into you psychologically, and even if you say it's not true, that you didn't consider the models, well, I think that those type of images did influence. It does help, in terms of the television, psychologically I notice that I am not thinking about cigarettes, but when I am watching a movie and they start smoking, I crave it. I think about cigarettes in the back of my head, but I do not go smoke, but it simply gives me an urge to smoke.
One of the women interviewed recognized that advertising could indirectly promote smoking. She noted that women do not go smoking outside as men do in advertisements. Although overall there are currently many more restrictions on the promotion of tobacco products, the powerful symbolism represented in these commercials still persist.
We asked participants if they thought there was any difference in the reasons that men and women smoke. Women mentioned different points of view. One woman reported that they smoke according to their mood, while men smoke to pass time, feel pleasure, or feel masculine. There were those who reported that there is no difference between men and women:. Well, I say we are the same, because there are those that smoke for pleasure, because of stress, and for any other concern, and men too, no?
Regarding attempts … it's the same, no? There are determined men and determined women. A theme that emerged in the narratives was of smoking being linked to feelings of freedom i. No, I think that now is a time of a lot of freedom, because I see young girls smoking in the street, they are talking and each has their cigarette as it is no longer frowned upon, no? However, it seems that for women, there could be a comingling of feelings of pleasure and guilt.
An existential question exists of, how can one be a good mother if, by their actions, they are setting a bad example for their children or family. So, although, as it would seem, women enjoy the pleasurable feelings of smoking, there is an underlying element of shame and guilt that is not seen in their male counterparts.
On the other hand, most men do not perceive differences either in the reasons for smoking or in success in quitting. However, they suggested believing that women who smoke are doing so in order to 1 imitate men, 2 feel powerful, or 3 demonstrate that they have the same rights as men. Just as women want to show that they have the same rights and capabilities as men, if men smoke, why not women? In addition, participants escribe some differences. When women are asked about gendered reasons for smoking and quitting, an important theme that was mentioned was feelings of increased masculinity in men, and perceptions of women as primary caregivers, etc.
As mentioned above, one of them is considered to be related to masculinity:. I think men smoke for masculinity.
The majority of the women that I know, it seems we smoke due to anxiety or loneliness — at least the ones that I know. This underscores the recurring idea of women's smoking behavior being tied with feelings of inadequacy and dependence to men. Another important thematic idea is the perception of women being in the role of caregiver, which is implied throughout the statements and reflections previously discussed.
This further highlights the gender norms that facilitate smoking, as women are constantly perceiving their gender roles in the context of pleasing others. An interesting aspect is that men did not have answers when asked the same type of questions, which suggests that men did not know why women start or stop smoking:.
Well sometimes when I get very stressed, I really want to smoke, because for me it's like de-stressing, I feel more relaxed. Especially when I have stressful days I feel the craving to smoke, as if to vent.
Although the majority of smokers reported wanting to quit smoking, they were aware of the presence of barriers, both at the individual and organizational level, that prevented them from achieving this goal. Individual barriers include being ambivalent about quitting smoking or not. A comment that caught the attention of interviewers was expressed by one of the women. Organizational barriers referring to health services include hours of care, lack of treatment, costs, and care staff.
Overall, men sought more professional help and mentioned more references about the smoking cessation programs in the clinics when compared to women. One woman said that medication was a limitation to want to qui smoking. None of the women interviewed spoke of problems of weight gain or other potential negative effects as barriers to quitting smoking. For some women, the cost of treatment was identified as a barrier to accessing smoking cessation services:.
Men also reported that the way that these specialized clinics are organized, combined with the distance from their home, was a barrier to taking advantage of the cessation services and quitting smoking. I don't come because of distance, good pretexts, right?
Yes, I am very far from my house. Regarding organizational barriers, both women and men in the workforce mentioned that they were not able to participate in smoking cessation programs because their work, home responsibilities hindered them from attending sessions at the times they were available.
Well … , well I don't know, I work in the afternoon … but I don't know neither the day nor times they have them. In light of this study focusing on the gender perspectives that facilitate or prevent tobacco use, the results demonstrate various overarching themes of discussion tobacco-related gender differences: tobacco initiation, event affect smokers, reason to quit smoking, the media power of the tobacco industry, and personal and organizational barriers to smoking cessation.
An underlying condition that many women expressed throughout the narratives is feelings of depression and anxiety, which were attributed to the multitude of gender-related roles women fulfill. These pressures on women are explained to favor continuity of tobacco consumption.
These pressures also inherently predispose people to acquiring mental disorders. A balance should be proposed in the allocation of tasks mainly domestic tasks , so that both women and men have a better quality of life. Future studies should assess depression and anxiety by gender as moderators of smoking cessation. Asking the question, what is your main reason to quit smoking?
The responses of the participants reflect the general attitudes and perception of traditional gender roles in Mexico, where women are the primary caregivers and rarely receive care, and men are the societal role models.
These findings suggest that future smoking cessation interventions should target these reasons to quit smoking and include them in the cessation plan. The social interaction of people and their contexts i. It is not only an individual action to quit smoking.
For example, educational campaigns that promote the agency of women in health issues. The results of this study highlight differences between women and men, with regards to tobacco use initiation. For women, tobacco use initiation was with friendships, at school, and out of curiosity. Women started to use tobacco at an older age compared to men.
Women report that work and family-related stressors can affect their desires for smoking and lead to feelings of loneliness; whereas for men, having economic capacity and independence are the main contributing factors. For both, advertising represented a factor that increases consumption. In a paper written by Kaufman and Nichter that analyzes the marketing of tobacco to women, the authors reflect that in the same way tobacco industries have exploited gender stereotypes to increase tobacco consumption among susceptible populations, public health should incorporate gender perspective to promote health behaviors that contribute to gender equality.
Social interactions are full of emotions and affect Collins, At the smoking cessation support clinics, women give each other feedback and talk about their health status and life events that may cause stress-related increases of tobacco consumption.
These groups should be a support of the situations that modern daily life imposes on women. For women, smoking is associated with guilt and fear, due to the negative perception of being the caregiver and providing a bad example for the family and children in the home. Incorporating these emotions in the process of quitting smoking should be beneficial in tobacco control policies. Come from home Script Latest Project www.
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